Sec 95 of the Indian Penal Code is an exception which states that, "Nothing is an offence by reason that it causes, or that it is intended to cause, or that it is known to be likely to cause, any harm, if that harm is so slight that no person of ordinary sense and temper would complain of such harm." What is meant by "slight harm"? What needs to be considered in order to judge whether the harm is "slight" or not? Does it depend merely on the physical injury caused? Does it include any other factors too?

As per Sec 36 of Indian Contract Act, 1872, Agreements contingent on impossible event are void. The Act states that "Contingent agreements to do or not to do anything, if an impossible event happens, are void, whether the impossibility of the event is known or not to the parties to the agreement at the time when it is made." Ques: Why does section 36 of ICA,1872 have to be expressed specifically under the contingent agreement when it is a matter of void ab initio? 

As a general rule under the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973, appeals lie only in limited cases, as per Sec 372. Appeals in criminal cases may be preferred by the Prosecution. However, Sec 372 contains a proviso that says "victim shall have a right to prefer an appeal." Ques: Are there any other provisions under the CrPC that allow for appeal to be pressed by anyone other than the Prosecution? If so, how are they different from the proviso to Sec 372?  

Section 2(45) of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 defines ‘Petty offence’ as offences for which the maximum punishment provided under any law including the IPC, is imprisonment up to 3 years. Section 2(54) of the same Act defines ‘Serious Offence’ as offences for which punishment under any law is imprisonment between 3 to 7 years. Section 2(33) defines ‘Heinous offence’ as offences for which the minimum punishment under any law is imprisonment for 7 years or more. Ques: What about those offences where the minimum sentence is less than 7 years, or there is no minimum sentence prescribed but the maximum sentence is more than 7 years such as Section 121A, 122 of IPC, offences relating to counterfeiting of currency, abetment to suicide of child or innocent person and many others ? Which category (petty, serious or heinous) will these offences fall under?

Sec 93 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 provides the general defense to communications made under good faith. It means that the bona fide intention of the communicator plays a significant role in determining good faith. Ques: What is the threshold of knowledge and intention required to presume that communication has been made in "good faith"? 

We gradually induce the habit of observation and questioning by beginning with a simple exercise pertaining to the Indian Contract Act, 1872. Indian Contract Act is one of the basic statutes that is studied in the first few semesters of the law school. It is ever-relevant in the practice of the law. Ques: What is the difference between consideration and reciprocal promise? Is every consideration a reciprocal promise, or vice-versa? Background: Sec 2(d) defines 'Consideration' as - "When, at the desire of the promisor, the promisee or any other person has done or abstained from doing, or does or abstains from doing, or promises to do or to abstain from doing, something, such act or abstinence or promise is called a consideration for the promise." Sec 2 (f) defines 'Reciprocal Promises' as - "Promises which form the consideration or part of the consideration for each other, are called reciprocal promises"    

Section 415 to Section 420 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 deals with the offence of cheating. These sections frequently use the term “deceiving any person”. Ques: What is the meaning of "deceiving any person" as mentioned in the definition of cheating?

Section 230 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 establishes the general rule that agents cannot be held personally liable for the contracts entered into by him on behalf of the principal in absence of a contract to the contrary. The statutory provision also provides that a contract to that effect will be presumed under three circumstances, one of them being when the principal though disclosed cannot be sued. Ques: What does Section 230(3) of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 mean about disclosed principal who cannot be sued?

Sec 31 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, reads as follows: “Admissions are not conclusive proof but may operate as estoppel”.  The technical terms like "admission", "conclusive proof" and "estoppel" add a lot of weight to the section. Estoppel refers to prohibiting someone from going back on their word. Ques. What is the ambit of the word 'estoppel' under Sec 31 of the Indian Evidence Act? What does the section seek to include?         

Contract of Indemnity and Contract of Guarantee are two kinds of special contracts. Placed next to each other in the bare act, these contracts have a similar semblance. While Sec 124 defines Indemnity, Guarantee is defined under Sec 126 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. Ques: What is the difference between contract of indemnity and contract of guarantee? 

The Code of criminal procedure,1973 states about many provisions regarding investigations and inquiry. Some of such sections are section 174,175 and 176 of code of criminal procedure which deals with inquiries into suicide or inquiries into sudden, violent, or unnatural deaths. In code of criminal procedure, section 174 provides for such inquiries by the police, section 176 by the magistrate. Section 154 of CrPC states about the first information relating to cognisable offences, section 156 and section 157 of CrPC provides the power of police to investigate and procedure to investigate in cognisable offences respectively. Ques: Whether Sections 174,175,176 of CrPC are different or similar to Section 154,156,157 of CrPC? If they’re different, How are they different from each other?

Sections 108-113 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 deal with the meaning and the liability of an abettor. Generally, the liability of the abettor is the same as the abetted. Ques: What can be the extent of the liability of an abettor and the abetted? Can it be different? 

Age is an important criteria under both - The Indian Contract Act, 1872, and the Indian Penal Code, 1860. Minors are not allowed to enter into contracts, generally. Further, in most cases, minors are either absolved of or subject to lesser degree of criminal culpability. Ques: How does the laibility of minors differ from contract law to criminal law? 

Chapter VII of the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act. 2019 [Act No. 40 of 2019] provides for the constitution of the ‘National Council For Transgender Persons’. From the distribution of membership in the National Council under Section 16 in Chapter Seven of the act, it is abundantly clear that equivalent representations of different members of the transgender community from respective regions in the country is not present. Ques: Whether the proposed constituency of the council, its diversity, and possible lack of representation of the transgender community, becomes a travesty to assurance of justice?

Section 193 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, states the punishment for giving false evidence in a judicial proceeding. Assume -  A minor girl files a rape case against a boy. FIR gets registered in the handwriting of the victim. Under Sec 164 Code of Criminal Procedure, a statement is also recorded against the accused. During the court proceedings, the girl states that she was pressurized into filing the complaint and deposes in favour of the accused. Ques: Can the minor girl be charged under Perjury i.e. giving false evidence under Section 191 of Indian Penal Code?

Sec 233 of the Indian Contract Act elucidates the rights of a person dealing with an agent personally liable. Question: Even when an agent is personally liable, can a third party still go on to sue the principal? If yes, in which cases is it possible?    

The contract of guarantee is entered into with surety provided that there is an existing contract between Creditor and Principal debtor. It is provided that surety’s liability is co- extensive with that of principal-debtor. Ques: Individually, how can the Surety protect his own interest while protecting the interest of Creditor?

Chapter V of the Indian Contracts Act enlists certain relations that resemble contracts. Under English law, these are known as Quasi-contracts. Ques: How are quasi-contracts different from contracts? Why are they enforceable? 

Section 96 of Indian Penal Code, 1860 reads as follows: "Things done in private defence - Nothing is an offence which is done in the exercise of the right of private defence." This section means the act done in order to prevent yourself from harm will not be an offence. Right to private defence is applicable only when the act done is equivalent to the injury you would have got if you didn’t exercise your right to private defence. Ques: Is it an absolute right? Is the right of private defence available in a free fight? Does an aggressor have the right to private defence? 

Under the Indian Contract Act, 1872, the finder of goods has rights and responsibilities similar to that of a bailee. Section 168 states that, ".... where the owner has offered a specific reward for the return of goods lost, the finder may sue for such reward, and may retain the goods until he receives it." Suppose, a child ran away from his home. His father sent his servants in search of the child. After that, he announced the reward of Rs 5,000 for whoever traces his child. The servant finds his child, not knowing about the reward. Later he claims the reward under Section 168. Can the servant refuse to send the child back in the custody of his father until he receives the award, according to this Section?

Sec 354A of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 defines the offence of Sexual Harassment of a woman. It lists certain acts as constituting sexual harassment. Sec 354 (1) (i) uses the words: "physical contact and advances involving unwelcome and explicit sexual overtures". Ques: Which acts come under the meaning of the phrase "physical contact and advances", so that the offence of sexual harassment under Sec 354A of IPC, 1860 is made out?   

The Indian Contract Act, 1872 deals with the topic of Agency in detail. Two peculiar sections use seemingly similar terms in relation to the agent. The terms are - 'sub-agent' and 'substituted agent', defined by Sec 191 and Sec 194 of the Act respectively. Ques: What is the difference between a 'sub-agent' and a 'substituted agent'? Are these two different in the scope? 

Illustration A of Sec 76 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 reads: "A, a soldier, fires on a mob by the order of his superior officer, in conformity with the commands of the law. A has com­mitted no offence." Ques: Is Respondeat Superior/ Vicarious Liability (Let the Master Answer) applicable in such circumstances? 

Section 82 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 mentions that nothing is an offence which is done by a child under seven years of age similarly Section 83 of IPC mentions that nothing is an offence which is done by a child above seven years of age and under twelve, who has not attained sufficient maturity of understanding to judge the nature and consequences of his conduct. The first question that arises is that when a child is not able to understand the nature and consequences of his conduct there is a high probability that, he might repeat the same action (before attaining maturity). Ques: What should be done in case a child up to 12 years of age repeats a criminal act without being aware of the nature of his act?